Physical Characterization and Mass Modeling of Sleman Single Origin Robusta Green Beans
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25186/.v21i.2476Abstract
Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) is a strategic commodity in Indonesia, and efficient postharvest handling requires reliable information on the physical properties of green beans. This study characterized the physical properties of Sleman Single Origin Robusta green beans and evaluated their relationships with individual bean mass. A total of 299 beans were analyzed for dimensions, sphericity, volume, surface area, and projected area. Mean length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, and mass were 10.05 ± 0.77 mm, 7.76 ± 0.51 mm, 5.09 ± 0.53 mm, 7.33 ± 0.43 mm, and 0.26 ± 0.04 g, respectively. Mean sphericity was 0.73 ± 0.07. Ellipsoid volume, prolate spheroid volume, and surface area averaged 207.82 ± 35.57 mm³, 414.95 ± 80.80 mm³, and 169.53 ± 19.73 mm², respectively. Linear, quadratic, power, and S-curve models were evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R²) and standard error of estimate (SEE). Quadratic models based on length and ellipsoid volume produced the highest R² (0.92), with SEE values of 0.022 and 0.012, respectively. The power model based on geometric mean diameter also performed well (R² = 0.90; SEE = 0.013), whereas the criteria projected area model showed lower predictive performance (R² = 0.71; SEE = 0.022). These findings provide physical parameters and predictive models for designing and calibrating grading and sorting systems for Sleman Single Origin Robusta green beans.
Key words: Coffea canephora; grading; postharvest technology; sleman robusta.
References
Ansar. et al. (2021). Design and performance test of the coffee bean classifier. Processes, 9(8):1-11.
Araujo, M. E. V. et al. (2021). Determination and modeling of physical and aerodynamic properties of coffee beans (Coffea arabica) during the drying process. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 45:e15698.
Ashardiono, F., & Trihartono, A. (2024). Optimizing the potential of Indonesian coffee: a dual market approach. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1).
Azman, P. N. M. A. et al. (2021). Mass modelling of pepper berries (Piper nigrum l.) with some physical properties. Food Research, 5:80-84.
Azman, P. N. M. A.. (2020). Some physical properties and mass modelling of pepper berries (Piper nigrum l.), variety kuching, at different maturity levels. Processes, 8(10):1314.
Barnavo, D. et al. (2025). Post-harvest technologies and automation: al-driven innovations in food processing and supply Chains. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 12(1):183-205.
Birania, S. et al. (2022). Mass modeling of strawberry (Fragaria × Ananasa) based on selected physical attributes. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 45(5):e14023.
Campuzano-Duque, L. F., & Blair, M. W. (2022). Strategies for Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora) Improvement as a New Crop in Colombia. Agriculture, 12(10):1576.
Celhay, P. et al. (2024). What leads to measurement errors? Evidence from reports of program participation in three surveys. Journal of Econometrics, 238(2):105581.
Fitri, F. A. et al. (2024). Determining factors of indonesian coffee demand in the US Market: Using LA/AIDS Approach. Agro Bali: Agricultural Journal, 7(3):760-773.
Gallego, C. P. et al. (2025). Maintenance of the quality of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in different packaging and storage locations. International Journal of Food Science, 5049217, 15 pages.
Grover, R. et al. (2024). Physical characterization and mass modelling of Wood apple (Aegel marmelos L.). Food Physics, 1:100013.
Gugliuzza, G. et al. (2025). Mass modeling of six loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) varieties for post-harvest grading based on physical attributes. Horticulturae, 11(12):1445.
International Coffee Organization - ICO. (2025). Coffee production worldwide from 2003/04 to 2023/24. Available in: https://www.statista.com/statistics/263311/worldwide-production-of-coffee/.
Ji, Y. et al. (2024). Coffee green bean defect detection method based on an improved yolov8 model. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2864052, 18 pages.
Khodabakhshian, R., & Emadi, B. (2016). Mass model of date fruit (cv. Mazafati) based on its physiological properties. International Food Research Journal, 23(5):2057-2062.
Kumar, A. et al. (2024). Interrelationship of grading and sorting parameters of indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana l.) Using computational simulation. Agricultural Research Journal, 61(2):278-288.
Kurniasari, I. et al. (2023). The physical properties of arabica and robusta coffee beans from temanggung and lampung. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1246:012056.
Mahawar, M. K. et al. (2019). Mass modeling of kinnow mandarin based on some physical attributes. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 42(5):e13079.
Ojo, T. O., & Baiyegunhi, L. J. S. (2024). Impact of improved storage technology on food security and farm income among smallholder maize farmers in Nigeria. Agricultural Systems, 215:103856.
Panda, G. et al. (2020). Physical characterization and mass modeling of kendu (Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.) Fruit. International Journal of Fruit Science, 20(S3):S2005-S2017.
Pathak, S. S. et al. (2019). Physical characterization and mass modeling of dried Terminalia chebula fruit. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 42(3):1-10.
Pradadimara, D. (2018). Coffee economy in late Colonial Netherlands East Indies: Estates and Capital, 1890–1940. Lembaran Sejarah, 13(1):5.
Rossetti, A. G. et al. (2022). Sample size for the physical and physico-chemical characteristics of the cashew. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 44(6):e-614.
Sangeetha, A., & Mohan, R. J. (2021). Chapter 9 - Pulses postharvest technology. In B. K. Tiwari et al. Pulse foods processing, quality and nutraceutical applications. (pp.93-212). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818184-3.00009-X
Sujinda, N. et al. (2021). Development of a closed-loop control system for microwave freeze-drying of carrot slices using a dynamic microwave logic control. Journal of Food Engineering, 302:110559.
Tscheuschner, H.-D. (1987). N. N. Mohsenin: Physical properties of plant and animal materials. structure, physical characteristics and mechanical properties. 2. Aufl. 891 Seiten, zahlr. Abb. und Tab. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York u. a. 1986. Preis: 140.—£. Food Nahrung, 31(7):702-702.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Coffee Science - ISSN 1984-3909The copyright of the articles published in this journal belongs to the authors, with the journal holding the first publication rights. As the articles are published in this journal under open access, they may be freely used, with proper attribution, for educational and non-commercial purposes
